“Be a Paleoanthropologist for a Day!” is an inquiry-based lab that has biology students carry out measurements on 11 skull replicas using customized calipers and protractors, honing in on the three major milestones of hominin evolution: bipedalism (upward gait), encephalization (cranial capacity), and prognathism (size and strength of jaw). The high school student is challenged to become the paleoanthropologist and deduce evolutionary facts and patterns based on first-person observation.
1. Lab's Instructor Curriculum
2. Excel Lab Worksheet (can be turned into Google sheets file as well for simultaneous data entry on one file)
3. Teacher ppt presentation
4. Measurement tools: 11 protractors (custom, bevel angle gauge) and 11 calipers (long jaw)
To 3D print out your own set of hominin skulls, here the page with the .stl files.
If you do not have access to a 3D printer, contact Dr. Molly Selba at HETMP).
To inquire whether your school can borrow a set of skulls and instruments through our skulls-on-tour program, contact Dr. Chris Bayer at cbayer@tulane.edu.
Confucius (roughly 2,500 years ago)
We devised a compact lab utilizing skull replicas designed for the high school level: our Be a Paleoanthropologist for a Day! lab features inquiry-based, hands-on pedagogy that brings to life the central organizing principal in biology – evolution – as it applies to hominins in deep time.
With calipers and protractors in hand, students are guided in the analysis of the morphological changes in cranial dimensions. By focusing on three major developments in hominin evolution – upright posture, jaw size, and cranial capacity – a clear picture emerges of the evolution from distant hominid ancestors to modern humans. After measurements are taken and the data is discussed, the dating of the skulls is discussed, revealing the hominin cladogram. The course features a science-based dialogue on the compelling evidence as revealed through paleoanthropology. Any textbook treatment of the data is ultimately inferior to a lab-based course where the actual archaeological evidence is in the hands of the students.
Upon initial instruction to contextualize the fossil replicas and to orient them, learners individually handle and measure the skulls, placing them in the anthropologist's seat. This tactile analysis of the skulls elicits questioning and hypothesizing, answers to which emerge through facilitated discussion. As the diagram depicts, by conducting measurements and discussing the significance of their measurements, learners begin to understand how, and what, kind of hominin emerged from the survival contest.
Our approach thus counters the traditional abstract textbook treatment of the subject, which is lecture-based and thus less interactive and vivid. Rather than being taught the already established theory, or told to be critical of an existing theory, students collect data and are thereafter facilitated in their own generation of knowledge. As no prior knowledge on human evolution is presumed, students are readily able to engage the material.
Our Be a Paleoanthropologist for a Day! lab allows the complex data of hominin evolution to be clearly grasped and articulated by the student. Skull replicas reveal many crucial details of a species' life, and they also provide a tangible means to observe the millions of years of evolution that produced Homo sapiens. By replicating a simplified process that scientists use to analyze the hominid skulls excavated by archaeologists, our lab places the student in the driver's seat of discovery and knowledge. The result is an engaging lab which yields a deeper understanding of the subject and ensures better retention. We champion inquiry-based learning as the most effective and empowering vehicle for the high school student to first learn about the subject of human evolution. Teacher feedback and academic studies have shown that a hands-on approach in three dimensions is the most valuable and effective method for communicating morphological changes of evolution. AncientAncestors offers a detailed curriculum, providing support and suggestions to teachers for communicating the facts and guiding discussion on human evolution.
The AP Biology Course and Exam Description (Revised Edition: Fall 2015) contains the AP Biology Curriculum Framework and represents a coherent and challenging biology course. It recommends that educators “devote 25% of instructional time to lab investigation, and conduct at least two investigations per big idea” (p. 121).
The College Board uses a combination of "Enduring Understandings" and "Science Practices" to create Learning Objectives for each course.
1. Our Be a Paleoanthropologist for a Day! lab touches on aspects of each of the 7 science practices featured in the AP science courses.
They are:
1 The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems. ✔
2 The student can use mathematics appropriately. ✔
3 The student can engage in scientific questioning to extend thinking or to guide investigations within the context of the AP course. ✔
4 The student can plan and implement data collection strategies in relation to a particular scientific question.✔
5 The student can perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence. ✔
6 The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. ✔
7 The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains. ✔
2. It furthermore hits on many “enduring understanding” and “essential knowledge” items as outlined in the AP Biology framework.
Our Be a Paleoanthropologist for a Day! lab notably bolsters a student’s comprehension of “Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.”
More specifically, the lab furthers the following learning objectives:
Bloom’s taxonomy – a classification of the possible learning objectives within education – is furthermore a useful framework to explain how the lab engages students. The table below describes how the lab exercised all three learning domains an many corresponding learning modes [1]. The lab’s immersive quality and employment of these various learning modes explains how the lab achieves such excellent learning outcomes.
[1] Anderson , L.W., & Sosniak, L.A. (Eds.). (1994). Bloom's taxonomy: a forty-year retrospective. Ninety-third yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Pt.2 ., Chicago , IL ., University of Chicago Press.
Helen Snodgrass (Science Director, AP Biology Teacher):
Anne Gill (AP Biology Teacher):
Michael Wytock:
Alex Treiger:
Jessica LeBlanc:
Casey McMann:
Katherine Adler:
DJ Johnson:
Katherine Schilling, PhD:
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Contact: cbayer@tulane.edu
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